不同菌剂处理对玉米芯发酵过程中纤维素降解及相关酶活性的影响

以玉米芯为发酵原料,EM酵素菌、有机物料腐熟剂、金宝贝菌剂3种市售菌剂为发酵菌剂,研究了3种菌剂处理对玉米芯发酵过程中纤维素降解及相关酶活性的影响。结果表明,不同发酵菌剂处理后,纤维素降解酶的活性均增强,玉米芯基质中的纤维素、半纤维素降解率高于对照,其中EM酵素菌处理效果最佳;3种菌剂处理使木质素过氧化物酶活性增强,可有效提高玉米芯基质中的木质素降解率,其中金宝贝菌剂处理效果最佳,与对照相比降解率提高21.1%~50.5%。     

Atmospheric humidity and genotype are key determinants of the diurnal stomatal conductance pattern

Great understanding of the genotypic difference in diurnal stomatal conductance (g_s) pattern and the key determinants of the pattern is important for saving water by adopting cultivars appropriately. Fifteen wheat genotypes were studied under different soil conditions and various meteorological conditions with pot cultivation in rain shelter for two years. Genotype and air humidity were found to be key determinants of diurnal g_s pattern. All genotypes under low relative humidity (LRH) and most genotypes under high relative humidity (HRH) displayed a gradual decline pattern from morning through the afternoon. Under moderate relative humidity (MRH), all genotypes present a single-peak curve pattern, but they differed in peak time, which may lead to unreliable g_s comparison between genotypes and get ostensible contrasting materials. The stomatal conductance was significantly different among genotypes under LRH and the increased g_s magnitude is also significantly different when it was compared between LRH and HRH. The present results provide new thinking for selecting and adopting appropriate cultivars with specific stomata traits for the area with various meteorological conditions.     

淹水条件下改良剂对苏打盐化草甸土的洗盐效应

为明确改良剂在苏打盐化草甸土不同深度土层的改良效果,采用室内淋溶土柱的试验方法,设置S0、S1、S2、S3、S4和S5(每个土柱横截面积0.0113 m~2)分别施用改良剂0.00、0.01、0.05、0.10、0.50 g和1.00 g,折合成公顷用量分别为0.0、8.9、44.3、88.5、442.5 kg·hm~(-2)和885.1 kg·hm~(-2))6个处理,分析淹水条件下不同改良剂用量对苏打盐化草甸土的洗盐效应。结果表明,与未施改良剂处理(S0)相比,S3、S4和S5处理显著降低不同土层(0～30cm)土壤容重(降幅3.88%～8.87%)、增加土壤孔隙度(增幅3.82%～9.38%)、降低土壤pH值(降幅2.36%～8.05%);S2、S3、S4和S5处理显著提高20～40 cm土壤水分入渗量,增幅55.9%～294.6%(P0.05);施用改良剂处理交换性Na~+含量在0～10 cm和10～20 cm土层显著降低,降幅4.84%～56.5%(P0.05),20～30 cm和30～40 cm土层中增幅1.09%～17.1%;S3、S4和S5处理0～10 cm土层电导率显著降低,降幅49.0%～60.4%(P0.05),20～40 cm土层显著增加,增幅3.68%～19.8%(P0.05);S2、S3、S4、S5处理10～20 cm土层碳酸根含量显著降低,降幅5.98%～23.4%(P0.05),S3、S4、S5处理0～30 cm土层碳酸氢根含量降幅1.49%～18.0%;S2、S3、S4和S5处理显著提高0～30 cm≥0.25 mm水稳性团聚体,增幅达16.4%～161.7%(P0.05);S3、S4和S5处理0～30 cm土层MWD显著增加,增幅达5.78%～161.7%(P0.05)。针对本次供试土壤盐渍化程度,综合改良效果及改良剂施用量,改良剂适宜用量为每个土柱0.10 g(88.5 kg·hm~(-2))(S3处理),可达到最优淋洗效果。     

布氏乳杆菌和甲酸对青藏高原不同物候期燕麦青贮饲料发酵品质和细菌群落的影响

为探讨布氏乳杆菌和甲酸对青藏高原不同物候期燕麦（Avena sativa L.）青贮饲料发酵品质和细菌群落的影响，本试验以开花期、乳熟期和蜡熟期燕麦为原料，设置对照、添加甲酸和添加布氏乳杆菌3个处理，青贮90 d后，测定其营养成分、发酵指标和细菌群落组成。结果表明：布氏乳杆菌和甲酸处理均改变不同物候期燕麦青贮饲料中细菌群落组成（P<0.05），并提高其乳酸细菌相对丰富度；与对照相比，用布氏乳杆菌和甲酸处理不同物候期的燕麦青贮后，蜡熟期的燕麦pH值降低（P<0.05），乙酸均增加9.7%，丙酸分别降低11.6%和8.6%，氨态氮分别降低11.3%和19.2%。综合细菌群落组成、发酵品质和营养成分来看，蜡熟期的燕麦添加布氏乳杆菌和甲酸后，其青贮品质较佳。     

不同栽培模式和立地条件对楸树人工林生长的影响

以河南省洛阳市洛宁县的楸树人工林为研究对象，对比分析不同栽培模式和立地条件下楸树的生长状况。结果表明:1）由于林分密度和土壤性质的差别，农林间作条件下楸树的生长情况显著优于非农林间作；2）低密度条件下楸树的生长情况更好，但高密度条件下楸树的每公顷蓄积量更高；3）在进行非农林间作的30年生楸树林中，缓坡条件下的树高和胸径比陡坡分别增长了31.30%和40.48%，下坡位条件下的树高和胸径比上坡位分别增长了22.52%和25.97%，不同坡向条件下的树高和胸径无明显差异；4）土壤中的养分含量（有机质、全N、全P、碱解N和有效P）是促进楸树生长的关键因子，按贡献率大小排序为:有效P、碱解N>全N、全P>有机质。所以，在河南省洛阳市洛宁县及周边地区进行楸树栽培时，应选择农林间作（低密度）+非农林间作（高密度+缓坡+下坡位）的方式。     

桑叶养猪实用技术

桑叶养猪实用技术分为桑树种植技术和桑叶干粉发酵养猪技术两个部分。利用荒地种植桑树,降低生猪养殖饲养成本,桑叶养猪种养结合,成为生态农业典范。桑叶干粉发酵技术,提高了桑叶干粉的可消化率和饲料功能。桑叶干粉发酵料占配方6%~10%,做成桑叶猪饲料,替代3%~5%鱼粉、豆粕等蛋白质饲料,节约了饲料成本。桑叶喂养猪(简称桑叶猪,下同)的猪肉中含有肌苷酸等风味物质,显著提高猪肉胴体品质和猪肉风味。设计猪尿处理,采用红泥膜沼气池降解工程工艺应用后,降解水兑2倍清水对桑树喷灌工艺,减少人工处理劳力和成本费用。设计10%抗非洲猪瘟中药饲料添加剂+桑叶饲料,预期防治非洲猪瘟总效果85%以上。桑叶养猪实用技术可行,供同行参考。     

基于条件植被温度指数的夏玉米生长季干旱预测研究

为验证条件植被温度指数(VTCI)在夏玉米生长季干旱预测中的适用性,以河北中部平原为研究区,应用求和自回归移动平均(ARIMA)模型及季节性求和自回归移动平均(SARIMA)模型,对该地区VTCI时间序列数据进行分析建模预测。首先基于49个气象站点所在像素的VTCI时间序列数据,选取不同长度时间序列建立ARIMA模型,并分析时间序列长度与预测精度间关系,以期为时间序列长度选择提供依据;然后选择理想长度的VTCI时间序列数据,分别建立ARIMA模型和SARIMA模型,用于研究区域2017年夏玉米生长季VTCI预测,并分析评价两模型预测精度;最后采用性能较好的ARIMA模型逐像素建模预测,得到2016-2018年9月上旬至下旬VTCI预测结果。结果表明:基于ARIMA模型的VTCI预测精度与时间序列长度未呈现明显的相关关系,但随时间序列长度增加,模型预测精度逐渐趋于稳定;ARIMA模型对干旱的预测精度高于基于SARIMA模型,其1步、2步、3步VTCI预测结果均方根误差较SARIMA模型分别降低0. 06、0. 07、0. 09;ARIMA模型在不同年份夏玉米生长季VTCI1~3步的预测精度稳定性较好,2016-2018年1步、2步和3步VTCI预测结果绝对误差绝对值大于0. 20的像素平均百分比分别为5. 84%、6. 38%、8. 72%。     

Assessing cetacean body condition: Is total lipid content in blubber biopsies a useful monitoring tool?

1. Measuring the energy stores, or body condition, of cetaceans is vital for monitoring population health. Cetaceans are exposed to a range of anthropogenic stressors, including, for example, noise, contaminants, habitat degradation, reduced prey availability, ship strike, and entanglement. Tools to assess body condition in these inaccessible and vulnerable animals are required to better understand the energetic consequences of anthropogenic stressors that can impact population health and, ultimately, conservation status.
2. Remotely obtained, dart biopsy samples are becoming an increasingly standard method of tissue collection from live, large cetaceans. Here, the potential applicability of using total lipid content in such biopsy samples to estimate overall body condition was assessed using full‐depth dorsal blubber samples from stranded ziphiids (n = 8) and balaenopterids (n = 9). First, variation in total lipid content through the blubber depth was investigated to assess the representativeness of shallow‐depth dart biopsies taken from live animals. Second, how lipid content varies by species, cause of death, sex, age class, and morphometric indices of body condition was assessed to evaluate what information about individual energy stores can be gained from such analyses.
3. Total lipid content in dorsal, shallow‐depth blubber biopsy samples from both cetacean families provides little information on overall body condition. Stratification of lipid content through the blubber layer in the balaenopterids means that superficial biopsy samples are not representative of the lipid stores available for mobilization through the rest of the tissue. A lack of variation in blubber lipid content, both within and between the ziphiid individuals, resulted in no ability to correlate these measures with morphometrics or other health, sex, or age class covariates.
4. Other potential markers in the blubber from remote biopsy sampling should be explored in order to further develop robust tools for estimating the body condition of free‐ranging cetaceans.

     

Response of Scotian Shelf silver hake (Merluccius bilinearis) to environmental variability

Commercially‐exploited fish populations are not only shaped by fishing pressure, but also by the dynamics of their environment. By quantifying the influence of environmental variability, fisheries management advice can be improved and uncertainties reduced. To this end, we developed statistical models of the response of Scotian Shelf silver hake stock metrics to variability in zooplankton community composition and phenology over the past 18 years and in the physical environment since 1985. Dominant modes of variability in these pelagic habitat indicators were characterized using principal component analysis, and the relationships of silver hake condition, abundance, and recruitment to pelagic habitat variability were assessed using generalized additive models. Condition was largely modulated by the onset and duration of the spring bloom, which controls food availability. In contrast, adult abundance was governed by composition of the zooplankton community and bottom‐water temperature, which dictates the distribution of silver hake. Finally, recruitment was affected by both thermal conditions and food availability. Our results presented here form the basis for qualitative assessment of ecosystem attributes and the influence on silver hake stock productivity.     

Putting the pieces together: Recent growth,nutritional condition,and mortality of Engraulis anchoita larvae in the Southwest Atlantic

Dynamics of clupeiform fish populations such as anchovy are frequently impacted by environmental variations which can affect the success of the species recruitment. Herein, we have analyzed recent otolith growth rate, RNA/DNA nutritional condition index (sRD), and mortality rate of argentine anchovy larvae Engraulis anchoita from three different nursery areas in the Southwest Atlantic. We have evaluated the relationship between the environmental variables (abundance of copepod nauplii, temperature, chlorophyll‐a concentration, and abundance of E. anchoita larvae) and larval endogenous variables (size, weight, age, and otolith radius) to sRD and recent growth rate. Fast larval growth rates were observed toward the northern sector of the studied area, characterized by higher temperature. High values of sRD were associated with higher nauplii abundance in the proximity of coastal fronts. The larvae with the lowest growths and lowest minimum values of nutritional condition coincided with the area where there was less abundance of nauplii and higher larval mortality. Larval size and nauplii abundance were positive explanatory factors for both recent growth rate and sRD index. Temperature had a positive effect on recent growth rate and a negative effect on sRD index. This condition index was poorly explained in terms of model fit in comparison with the growth model. The results herein provided could be significant to better understand the recruitment of the species, as to determining favorable areas for the growth and survival of anchovy larvae.